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- WORLD, Page 51SOVIET UNIONOn the Edge of Civil War
-
-
- Visiting Armenia and Azerbaijan, a TIME reporter wonders how
- much longer the two republics can exist in the same country
-
- By Paul Hofheinz/BAKU
-
-
- Panah Huseynov, 32, a member of the directorate of the
- Azerbaijani Popular Front, is seated at a desk in the former
- schoolhouse that serves as the group's new headquarters. He is
- listening to an Azerbaijani refugee from Armenia describe how he
- and his family were expelled from their home last November. "I was
- thrown from my house, beaten," the man says. "I lived off weeds,
- anything I could find." As Huseynov shakes his head in anger, the
- refugee continued, "They want to cut us up like sheep. But we'll
- burn them first."
-
- Later Huseynov pulls a stack of photographs from a folder and
- asks a visitor, "Are you a strong person?" The photos show a male
- corpse that has been beaten and maimed. Small twigs poke out of
- sockets that once contained eyes. The body bears a gash from groin
- to throat, apparently made to kill the victim by disemboweling him.
- "This was in the village of Masis," says Huseynov, referring to a
- town in central Armenia. "I can show you his death certificate if
- you want to see it."
-
- The 19-month-old tribal feud between the republics of Armenia
- and Azerbaijan initially centered on Nagorno-Karabakh, a region
- within Azerbaijan that contains a majority of ethnic Armenians.
- Moscow sought to defuse the issue by assuming direct rule of
- Nagorno-Karabakh, where it has stationed 4,500 troops. But the
- dispute, which has so far claimed more than 100 lives, will not go
- away. On the contrary, it has escalated into something very close
- to civil war. In both republics ferocious animosities generated by
- the rivalries have brought to the fore nationalist groups
- threatening secession. Indeed, traveling between the two republics,
- a visitor finds it difficult to imagine how they can continue to
- exist in the same country much longer.
-
- The nationalist inroads are most pronounced in predominantly
- Muslim Azerbaijan. The Popular Front, formed by a group of
- intellectuals less than a year ago, was initially considered a
- fringe group by the local Communist leadership. But then the front
- began to stage stunning demonstrations of grass-roots support,
- including a rally in the capital of Baku that drew some 300,000
- protesters and a crippling rail blockade of neighboring Armenia.
- Finally Azerbaijan's Communist leaders officially recognized the
- nationalist political organization, and acceded to virtually its
- entire agenda. In a special session of the republic's supreme
- soviet three weeks ago, legislators declared Azerbaijan a
- "sovereign" republic and reasserted its right to secede from the
- Soviet Union if such a move was approved in a referendum. Even in
- the Baltic states, where popular fronts have also grown powerful,
- nationalists have not chosen to send a message quite that
- provocative to Moscow.
-
- In mostly Christian Armenia, nationalists are also gaining new
- prominence. Communist Party leader Suren Arutunyan, who jailed many
- extremists last December following demonstrations in the capital
- of Yerevan, has ordered most of them released. Says Khachik
- Stamboltsyan, a member of the Armenian supreme soviet who spent six
- months in confinement: "Relations are still tense between us, but
- we talk a lot." Expressions of hatred toward Azerbaijan are the
- rule. "They had an earthquake in Baku recently," recounts an
- Armenian girl. "Too bad it didn't hit 20 on the Richter scale and
- wipe them all out."
-
- Added to ethnic grievances in Armenia is the railway blockade,
- which began two months ago when Azerbaijanis stopped allowing
- freight cars through railyards in Nakhichevan. The facility handles
- 85% of goods bound for Armenia from other Soviet republics, giving
- the Azerbaijanis a virtual stranglehold. The cutoff has not
- affected food supplies, many of which are home grown, and markets
- in Yerevan last week were stocked with fruits and vegetables. But
- fuel supplies were virtually nonexistent. Car owners waited in
- lines at the city's gas stations for days at a time. There were
- also acute shortages of many building supplies, which are in great
- demand as the result of the widespread damage caused by last
- December's earthquakes. Azerbaijani officials said the trains were
- beginning to move again, a claim disputed by Armenians.
-
- Extremists in both republics have called for formation of
- republican armies. That is unlikely to happen, but such is the
- depth of bitterness that civil war would be hard to prevent if it
- did. Azerbaijani nationalists also speak seriously of carrying out
- their self-proclaimed secession if Moscow continues to govern
- Nagorno-Karabakh. "There would be a war (with the Soviet Union),"
- says Huseynov with a shrug. "But we think Iran and Turkey would
- help us." Moscow would presumably have something of its own to say
- about any attempt by Baku to exercise such an option. But so far,
- Moscow has managed only to alienate both sides in the bitter feud.
- That is hardly a claim to success -- or authority.
-